Authorities Cited: United States Code 28 U.S.C. § 1291 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 125 U.S. 190, 205 262 U.S. 390, 399 316 U.S. 535, 541 388 U.S. 1, 12 414 U.S. 632, 639-640 434 U.S. 47, 98 434 U.S. 374, 398 439 U.S. 1046, 1099 443 U.S. 137, 146 457 U.S. 922, 924 461 U.S. 957 468 U.S. 609, 619-620 503 U.S. 115, 119 Circuit Courts 576 F.2d 896 639 F.2d 647 697 F.2d 46 768 F.2d 1186, 1188-1189 854 F.2d 1206, 1209 932 F.2d 883, 890 26 F.3d 1013, 1016 60 F.3d 702, 705 101 F.3d 1344, 1352 371 F.3d 165, 174 493 F.3d 1174, 1177 493 F.3d 1210, 1215 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(l)