Authorities Cited: United States Code 20 U.S.C. § 1400 28 U.S.C. § 1291 31 U.S.C. § 3729 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1) 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b) 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(2) 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Code of Federal Regulations 42 C.F.R. § 405.1803(a) 42 C.F.R. § 405.1803(c) 42 C.F.R. § 413.24(f)(4)(iv) 42 C.F.R. § 424.535(a)(1) 42 C.F.R. § 482.1 42 C.F.R. § 482.1(a)(5) 42 C.F.R. § 488.5(a) Supreme Court 380 U.S. 460, 463 446 U.S. 740, 744-751 Circuit Courts 70 F.3d 1175, 1182 91 F.3d 1261, 1263-1266 104 F.3d 1453, 1459-1460 176 F.3d 776, 786 192 F.3d 402, 415 213 F.3d 519, 531-534 214 F.3d 1372, 1376 224 F.3d 1008, 1011 261 F.3d 993, 996 273 F.3d 1271, 1275-1276 274 F.3d 687, 695-702 288 F.3d 668, 679 317 F.3d 883, 886-887 386 F.3d 235, 243 400 F.3d 428, 442-444 403 F.3d 709, 712 415 F.3d 601, 604 419 F.3d 535, 539 423 F.3d 1256, 1260 447 F.3d 1284, 1289 461 F.3d 1166, 1168-1177 496 F.3d 1169, 1172 501 F.3d 1215, 1236 520 F.3d 384, 389 522 F.3d 1098, 1102 529 F.3d 1275, 1280 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c) Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B) Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 20 F. Supp. 2d 1017 115 F. Supp. 2d 35, 43 136 F. Supp. 2d 876 238 F. Supp. 2d 258, 264 251 F. Supp. 2d 28, 32 459 F. Supp. 2d 692, 717 459 F. Supp. 2d 1081, 1086-1087 525 F. Supp. 2d 972, 979 956 F. Supp. 288, 292