Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 15 U.S. 499, 505 345 U.S. 1 353 U.S. 53 373 U.S. 83 453 U.S. 280, 307 478 U.S. 1, 13-14 Circuit Courts 4 F.2d 544, 546 142 F.2d 503 185 F.2d 629 597 F.2d 826 734 F.2d 93, 96-102 751 F.2d 419, 427-428 780 F.2d 1102, 1107-1110 828 F.2d 110, 113-116 859 F.2d 1067 867 F.2d 617, 623 880 F.2d 626, 628 896 F.2d 900, 905 932 F.2d 5 944 F.2d 1010, 1018 985 F.2d 1175, 1180 144 F.3d 16 144 F.3d 1249, 1261 162 F.3d 503, 507 301 F.3d 563, 568 360 F.3d 90, 97 435 F.3d 110, 120 439 F.3d 346, 348 448 F.3d 436, 455-457 452 F.3d 202, 205 496 F.3d 175, 182-183 501 F.3d 796, 800 Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure Fed. R. Crim. P. 16 Fed. R. Crim. P. 16(d)(1) Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(a)