Authorities Cited: United States Code 28 U.S.C. § 1350 Supreme Court 475 U.S. 1015 487 U.S. 312, 316-317 Circuit Courts 683 F.2d 590, 593-594 770 F.2d 288, 295 850 F.2d 904, 911 922 F.2d 152, 154-155 989 F.2d 588, 592 70 F.3d 5 94 F.3d 71, 73-74 141 F.3d 39, 45 190 F.3d 37, 43 193 F.3d 109 273 F.3d 120, 132 282 F.3d 147, 153 361 F.3d 696, 702 380 F.3d 57, 67 475 F.3d 465, 468 498 F.3d 127, 131 521 F.3d 202, 213 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 3(c)(1)(B) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2) Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c) Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d) Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 418 F. Supp. 2d 407, 409-416