Authorities Cited: United States Code 28 U.S.C. § 1291 28 U.S.C. § 1331 28 U.S.C. § 1343(3) 28 U.S.C. § 1343(4) 28 U.S.C. § 1367 48 U.S.C. § 1597(c) Supreme Court 392 U.S. 83, 106 432 U.S. 333, 343 444 U.S. 996 454 U.S. 464, 483 461 U.S. 95, 105-106 490 U.S. 605, 618 504 U.S. 555, 112-574 523 U.S. 83, 94 524 U.S. 417 Circuit Courts 528 F.2d 455, 459 553 F.2d 190, 203-204 584 F.2d 1050, 1057 617 F.2d 697, 702 630 F.2d 754, 770 738 F.2d 1375, 1381-1382 741 F.2d 628 808 F.2d 555, 560 814 F.2d 332, 339-341 865 F.2d 1197, 1205-1206 961 F.2d 1335, 1336-1337 3 F.3d 759, 761-762 118 F.3d 1386 139 F.3d 366, 372 142 F.3d 468, 472-476 181 F.3d 112, 113 197 F.3d 83, 86 241 F.3d 674, 683 280 F.3d 278, 283 491 F.3d 130, 133-135 498 F.3d 1052 508 F.3d 156 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) Fed. R. Civ. P. 19 461 F. Supp. 2d 351, 359 962 F. Supp. 450, 479-561 963 F. Supp. 235, 236-240