Authorities Cited: United States Code 28 U.S.C. § 1291 28 U.S.C. § 1331 Supreme Court 297 U.S. 129, 135 380 U.S. 1, 16-17 404 U.S. 418, 422 411 U.S. 582, 593-594 423 U.S. 232, 243-244 467 U.S. 837, 842-843 488 U.S. 204, 208 508 U.S. 36, 44-45 517 U.S. 735, 744 532 U.S. 105, 114-115 533 U.S. 218, 226-227 534 U.S. 84, 94 545 U.S. 967 Circuit Courts 542 F.2d 166, 173 881 F.2d 267, 269 949 F.2d 1323, 1328 976 F.2d 844, 855 979 F.2d 887, 890 987 F.2d 206, 213 998 F.2d 473, 483 40 F.3d 1384, 1405-1407 61 F.3d 1100, 1110 90 F.3d 854, 858 93 F.3d 103, 113 140 F.3d 488 156 F.3d 651, 654 172 F.3d 472, 478-479 177 F.3d 1272, 1283-1284 189 F.3d 561, 563 194 F.3d 408, 417-418 217 F.3d 684, 689-691 239 F.3d 555, 560 245 F.3d 294, 303-304 260 F.3d 265, 276 292 F.3d 849, 860 314 F.3d 106 326 F.3d 176, 197-198 327 F.3d 223, 227 374 F.3d 253, 258-261 397 F.3d 1358, 1363 458 F.3d 942, 949-952 464 F.3d 202, 214 522 F.3d 242, 249 531 F.3d 844, 849 Federal Sentencing Guidelines U.S.S.G. §1B1.11(a) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) 475 F. Supp. 2d 463