Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 263 U.S. 413, 415-416 460 U.S. 462, 476 544 U.S. 280, 284 Circuit Courts 341 F.3d 593, 597 382 F.3d 633, 640 448 F.3d 853, 858 451 F.3d 382, 389 501 F.3d 548, 551-552 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 34(a) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(b)