Authorities Cited: United States Code 46 U.S.C. § 41102(c) 46 U.S.C. § 41104 46 U.S.C. § 41106 48 U.S.C. § 734 Supreme Court 37 U.S. 682, 705 132 U.S. 1, 6 133 U.S. 529, 530 134 U.S. 1 148 U.S. 529, 533-534 178 U.S. 436, 441 179 U.S. 472, 485-486 179 U.S. 552, 565 221 U.S. 636, 645-649 258 U.S. 549, 567 272 U.S. 52, 135 306 U.S. 381, 389 309 U.S. 242, 245 312 U.S. 81, 83 322 U.S. 47, 54 323 U.S. 459, 465 327 U.S. 573 429 U.S. 274 440 U.S. 391, 401-402 450 U.S. 147, 150 465 U.S. 89, 100-101 506 U.S. 139, 141-144 510 U.S. 471, 475 513 U.S. 30 513 U.S. 44 517 U.S. 44, 54 519 U.S. 425, 429 520 U.S. 651, 664 527 U.S. 666, 676 527 U.S. 706, 745-746 535 U.S. 743, 751 Circuit Courts 715 F.2d 694, 697 781 F.2d 218 897 F.2d 1, 12 973 F.2d 8, 9 19 F.3d 461 58 F.3d 1051, 1054-1055 86 F.3d 289, 293-296 94 F.3d 399, 401 208 F.3d 1308, 1311 218 F.3d 1160, 1164-1166 322 F.3d 56 357 F.3d 124, 126 381 F.3d 33, 39 426 F.3d 233, 239-241 427 F.3d 351, 359-365 435 F.3d 378, 381-382 460 F.3d 124, 126