Authorities Cited: United States Code 28 U.S.C. § 1291 42 U.S.C. § 1981 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 392 U.S. 1, 19-21 462 U.S. 696, 712 486 U.S. 567, 569 489 U.S. 593, 599 501 U.S. 429, 435-437 532 U.S. 742, 749-751 533 U.S. 194, 201 Circuit Courts 92 F.3d 219, 224 159 F.3d 192, 196 185 F.3d 98, 108 210 F.3d 1154, 1156 228 F.3d 1365, 1377 268 F.3d 1179, 1185 328 F.3d 1230 385 F.3d 894, 897 405 F.3d 1065 412 F.3d 598, 599-600 447 F.3d 1041, 1046 466 F.3d 173, 182-187 471 F.3d 1173, 1175 478 F.3d 634, 638 486 F.3d 629, 633 490 F.3d 810, 813 493 F.3d 1151, 1156 494 F.3d 929, 934 500 F.3d 1170, 1179