Authorities Cited: United States Code 18 U.S.C. § 111(a)(1) 18 U.S.C. § 113(a)(3) Supreme Court 481 U.S. 200, 211 485 U.S. 58, 63-65 507 U.S. 725, 734 532 U.S. 742, 749 Circuit Courts 603 F.2d 137, 142 720 F.2d 1103 835 F.2d 1233 900 F.2d 1462, 1470 971 F.2d 1441, 1455 986 F.2d 1273, 1283 56 F.3d 1239, 1240 67 F.3d 1515, 1524 83 F.3d 1266, 1288 130 F.3d 1399, 1405 133 F.3d 1324, 1326-1330 161 F.3d 643, 650-651 236 F.3d 777 305 F.3d 1152, 1175 390 F.3d 1267, 1274 432 F.3d 1189, 1223 468 F.3d 704, 711 496 F.3d 1079, 1121 Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(a)