Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 533 U.S. 194, 201 Circuit Courts 841 F.2d 1512, 1528 241 F.3d 1267, 1270 359 F.3d 1279, 1285-1293 500 F.3d 1099, 1104-1105 519 F.3d 1242, 1246-1250 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(9)(a) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b) Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1)