Authorities Cited: United States Code 15 U.S.C. § 1 28 U.S.C. § 1291 Supreme Court 304 U.S. 144, 154 317 U.S. 341 341 U.S. 384 397 U.S. 137 402 U.S. 535 407 U.S. 67 408 U.S. 564, 569-570 408 U.S. 593, 597 410 U.S. 356, 364 437 U.S. 117, 133 445 U.S. 97 447 U.S. 557, 561 454 U.S. 516, 536-537 455 U.S. 422, 432-433 457 U.S. 624 458 U.S. 654, 659-662 472 U.S. 115, 129-130 475 U.S. 260, 261-270 476 U.S. 573 479 U.S. 335 490 U.S. 93, 100 491 U.S. 324, 326 502 U.S. 105, 116-117 514 U.S. 334, 336 518 U.S. 515, 524 539 U.S. 194, 210 545 U.S. 429, 433 Circuit Courts 967 F.2d 410, 415 1 F.3d 968, 969 32 F.3d 452, 455 53 F.3d 1531, 1547 263 F.3d 239, 241 278 F.3d 339, 343-357 279 F.3d 1204, 1210 321 F.3d 950, 959 357 F.3d 205, 208-209 363 F.3d 149, 151-152 379 F.3d 1208, 1215-1217 408 F.3d 112 425 F.3d 158 427 F.3d 840, 845 465 F.3d 1210, 1228 467 F.3d 547, 555-558 481 F.3d 60 483 F.3d 1025, 1031 495 F.3d 1243, 1251 504 F.3d 903, 918-919 510 F.3d 1196, 1200 510 F.3d 1246, 1249 511 F.3d 1072, 1078 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(2) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) 100 F. Supp. 2d 1179, 1200-1208 393 F. Supp. 2d 604, 629-638 418 F. Supp. 2d 1064, 1071-1082 418 F. Supp. 2d 1082, 1089-1100 420 F. Supp. 2d 989, 994-1000 447 F. Supp. 2d 230, 248 475 F. Supp. 2d 1078, 1080-1092