Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 543 U.S. 77, 83-84 544 U.S. 709, 719 547 U.S. 410, 419 Circuit Courts 101 F.3d 1344, 1355 150 F.3d 1271, 1274 332 F.3d 1270, 1278 355 F.3d 1263, 1270 356 F.3d 1277, 1294 423 F.3d 1192, 1196 474 F.3d 675, 684 516 F.3d 1217, 1224-1228 525 F.3d 972, 979 527 F.3d 1045, 1051 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)