Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 417 U.S. 156, 177-178 431 U.S. 395, 405 442 U.S. 330, 345 445 U.S. 388, 408 457 U.S. 147, 160 Circuit Courts 528 F.2d 1181 691 F.2d 931, 936 855 F.2d 668, 675 895 F.2d 659, 668 43 F.3d 1388, 1389-1390 101 F.3d 631, 633 161 F.3d 127, 143 186 F.3d 1280, 1287 333 F.3d 763 367 F.3d 1224, 1226-1236 368 F.3d 356, 366 386 F.3d 963, 967-974 414 F.3d 1187, 1190 425 F.3d 1116, 1121 443 F.3d 1330 493 F.3d 521, 523-524 519 F.3d 1049, 1053-1054 533 F.3d 1183, 1186 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 19 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(2) Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(5) Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(d) Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(d)(1)