Authorities Cited: United States Code 28 U.S.C. § 1291 42 U.S.C. § 1981 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 371 U.S. 178, 182 439 U.S. 410 547 U.S. 410 548 U.S. 53, 68 Circuit Courts 859 F.2d 1439, 1443 866 F.2d 1570, 1573 191 F.3d 1281, 1289 205 F.3d 1219, 1226 210 F.3d 1237, 1245 264 F.3d 1017, 1026 353 F.3d 1158, 1172 371 F.3d 1275, 1280 381 F.3d 1028 403 F.3d 727, 732 425 F.3d 836, 840 435 F.3d 1244, 1249 450 F.3d 1146, 1156-1157 451 F.3d 1196, 1206 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 34(f) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a) Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(b) Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b) Fed. R. Civ. P. 38(b) Fed. R. Civ. P. 38(c) Fed. R. Civ. P. 38(d) Fed. R. Civ. P. 39(a) Fed. R. Civ. P. 51