Authorities Cited: United States Code 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a) 28 U.S.C. § 1367 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 134 U.S. 1, 20-21 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 371 U.S. 178, 182 418 U.S. 506, 535 441 U.S. 677, 717 442 U.S. 256, 273 457 U.S. 800, 818 473 U.S. 234, 239-240 483 U.S. 635, 640 489 U.S. 378 503 U.S. 60, 76 504 U.S. 555, 560-561 511 U.S. 825, 837 520 U.S. 397 524 U.S. 274 525 U.S. 459, 470-471 525 U.S. 802 526 U.S. 629 527 U.S. 666, 670 Circuit Courts 673 F.2d 1205, 1209 841 F.2d 1558, 1563 881 F.2d 1570, 1573 939 F.2d 1479, 1486 963 F.2d 332, 336 979 F.2d 191, 194 999 F.2d 1503, 1507 84 F.3d 1226 85 F.3d 581, 583 102 F.3d 1179, 1182 133 F.3d 786, 789 139 F.3d 1385, 1387 151 F.3d 1346, 1350-1351 171 F.3d 1264 193 F.3d 1263, 1270 216 F.3d 1281, 1284 247 F.3d 1262, 1284 291 F.3d 718, 722 299 F.3d 1272, 1276 316 F.3d 1203, 1207 321 F.3d 1299, 1301 322 F.3d 1279 331 F.3d 817, 819-820 341 F.3d 1292, 1300 347 F.3d 1293, 1296 367 F.3d 1255, 1262-1263 384 F.3d 1248, 1259-1260 399 F.3d 1279, 1285-1287 441 F.3d 1287 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a) 80 F. Supp. 2d 729, 733-734 144 F. Supp. 2d 526, 531