Authorities Cited: United States Code 28 U.S.C. § 1291 28 U.S.C. § 1346 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b) 42 U.S.C. § 1988 48 U.S.C. § 1612(a) Supreme Court 254 U.S. 443 257 U.S. 184 511 U.S. 244 511 U.S. 280 521 U.S. 320 541 U.S. 677, 696 548 U.S. 30, 126 Circuit Courts 784 F.2d 460, 463 161 F.3d 156 176 F.3d 679 432 F.3d 482, 486