Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 131 U.S. 22 304 U.S. 64, 78-79 356 U.S. 525, 537 393 U.S. 156, 164 492 U.S. 257, 279 518 U.S. 415, 419-439 523 U.S. 208, 211 530 U.S. 133, 150 Circuit Courts 249 F.2d 396, 399 289 F.2d 797, 806 348 F.2d 420 356 F.2d 880 365 F.2d 858 429 F.2d 1033, 1046-1047 493 F.2d 429, 431 508 F.2d 92 553 F.2d 877, 880-881 613 F.2d 1385, 1390 623 F.2d 355, 364 630 F.2d 250, 269 632 F.2d 1242, 1246 650 F.2d 793, 796 662 F.2d 1190, 1198 663 F.2d 583, 586 671 F.2d 927, 930-934 678 F.2d 1321, 1326-1327 682 F.2d 515, 519 705 F.2d 778, 784 710 F.2d 1480, 1487 736 F.2d 1028 754 F.2d 573, 590 754 F.2d 1233, 1239-1241 781 F.2d 1116, 1118 782 F.2d 1254, 1261-1262 798 F.2d 42 803 F.2d 178, 181 837 F.2d 220, 222 841 F.2d 582, 587 854 F.2d 106 865 F.2d 629, 644 875 F.2d 501, 506 883 F.2d 56 917 F.2d 892, 897 931 F.2d 334, 339 965 F.2d 195, 198-199 970 F.2d 1372, 1378 975 F.2d 175, 178 988 F.2d 573, 582 47 F.3d 695, 700-703 58 F.3d 176, 183 62 F.3d 1449, 1453-1454 77 F.3d 1500, 1516 84 F.3d 1452 103 F.3d 2, 4 110 F.3d 898, 914-915 130 F.3d 715, 721 161 F.3d 491, 504 163 F.3d 265, 269-271 170 F.3d 1320, 1329 179 F.3d 969 185 F.3d 307, 321 219 F.3d 450, 456 238 F.3d 690, 701 244 F.3d 479, 481 246 F.3d 359, 366 258 F.3d 326, 338 273 F.3d 605, 613 274 F.3d 319, 328 279 F.3d 273, 280-321 279 F.3d 321, 325 286 F.3d 827, 830 293 F.3d 912, 924 312 F.3d 667, 670 314 F.3d 203, 208-209 352 F.3d 150, 158 360 F.3d 1220, 1225 420 F.3d 388, 391 426 F.3d 281, 296 467 F.3d 16, 26 510 F.3d 495, 503 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 51(c) 145 F. Supp. 2d 750, 759 Federal Rules of Evidence Fed. R. Evid. 103(a) Fed. R. Evid. 302 Fed. R. Evid. 401 Fed. R. Evid. 403 Fed. R. Evid. 801 Fed. R. Evid. 803 Fed. R. Evid. 901