Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 415 U.S. 566, 572 420 U.S. 103, 114 436 U.S. 658, 690-691 455 U.S. 283 477 U.S. 317, 322 494 U.S. 113, 125 510 U.S. 266, 273 520 U.S. 397, 404-410 523 U.S. 833, 846 Circuit Courts 761 F.2d 1068, 1073 813 F.2d 744, 748 9 F.3d 1397, 1402 37 F.3d 1069, 1075 66 F.3d 715, 721 102 F.3d 137, 139-140 130 F.3d 727, 730 151 F.3d 402, 408 197 F.3d 694, 719 229 F.3d 478, 483 248 F.3d 411, 421 276 F.3d 736, 744 290 F.3d 252, 262 291 F.3d 325, 328 305 F.3d 314, 325 340 F.3d 300, 312-323 355 F.3d 381, 385 385 F.3d 846, 849 416 F.3d 580, 586 488 F.3d 613, 619 494 F.3d 904, 920 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 28(a) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2) Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f)