Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 384 U.S. 757, 765 426 U.S. 229, 239-240 442 U.S. 256, 279 483 U.S. 868, 873 490 U.S. 386, 395 500 U.S. 352, 360 521 U.S. 702, 720-721 532 U.S. 275, 289-290 534 U.S. 112, 118-119 540 U.S. 419, 424-425 547 U.S. 843 Circuit Courts 962 F.2d 302 59 F.3d 1556, 1562-1563 101 F.3d 1336 103 F.3d 940 148 F.3d 1180 193 F.3d 466, 480 209 F.3d 944, 957-958 274 F.3d 771, 789 305 F.3d 566, 574-575 335 F.3d 932, 939-940 354 F.3d 675 401 F.3d 175, 185 401 F.3d 1273 409 F.3d 732, 735 423 F.3d 5879 440 F.3d 489 446 F.3d 614, 629 451 F.3d 922, 924 453 F.3d 674, 677-681 471 F.3d 766, 772-774 483 F.3d 73, 78-83 483 F.3d 81 490 F.3d 1178, 1183-1192 504 F.3d 1, 9 508 F.3d 941 370 F. Supp. 2d 79, 90-93