Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 333 U.S. 364, 395 401 U.S. 424, 431-432 411 U.S. 792 422 U.S. 405, 425 450 U.S. 248, 253-256 460 U.S. 711, 715 470 U.S. 564, 573 530 U.S. 133, 147 Circuit Courts 609 F.2d 702, 711-712 645 F.2d 1251, 1257 690 F.2d 88, 92-97 774 F.2d 135, 140 875 F.2d 540, 543 881 F.2d 309, 314 891 F.2d 604, 606 906 F.2d 209, 217 925 F.2d 901, 907-908 964 F.2d 577, 582 30 F.3d 45, 48 80 F.3d 1107, 1115 128 F.3d 337, 347 188 F.3d 652, 659 391 F.3d 715, 720-721 404 F.3d 404, 411 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a)