Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 436 U.S. 658, 694 454 U.S. 312, 326 475 U.S. 796, 799 489 U.S. 378, 389 490 U.S. 386, 395 533 U.S. 194, 201 Circuit Courts 163 F.3d 449, 454 194 F.3d 737, 745 380 F.3d 893, 901-902 414 F.3d 596, 602 487 F.3d 471, 476 502 F.3d 545, 548 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(c) Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d)