Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 471 U.S. 84 477 U.S. 21 Circuit Courts 15 F.3d 652 381 F.3d 587 472 F.3d 967 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 25(a)(2)(B) Fed. R. App. P. 26(b) Fed. R. App. P. 27(c) Fed. R. App. P. 31(a)(1)