Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 371 U.S. 178, 182 414 U.S. 538 431 U.S. 395, 403 445 U.S. 388 457 U.S. 147, 156 462 U.S. 345 504 U.S. 555, 560-561 Circuit Courts 854 F.2d 229 909 F.2d 1097, 1100 992 F.2d 697, 703 109 F.3d 338, 340 251 F.3d 612, 629 280 F.3d 124, 141 300 F.3d 750, 759 308 F.3d 673, 676-677 358 F.3d 469, 472 376 F.3d 656, 661 472 F.3d 506, 514 481 F.3d 977, 982 533 F.3d 601 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a) Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a) Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(2) Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(f)