Authorities Cited: United States Code 28 U.S.C. § 1291 28 U.S.C. § 1331 42 U.S.C. § 1983 42 U.S.C. § 1988 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b) Supreme Court 436 U.S. 658 447 U.S. 752, 764-767 461 U.S. 30, 34-55 461 U.S. 424, 429-436 477 U.S. 561, 576 506 U.S. 103, 112-115 517 U.S. 559 538 U.S. 408 Circuit Courts 526 F.2d 67, 70 612 F.2d 1057 785 F.2d 777, 780 793 F.2d 37, 40 883 F.2d 739, 743-747 914 F.2d 183, 186-187 944 F.2d 949, 957-958 974 F.2d 246, 256 999 F.2d 92 13 F.3d 1351, 1352 96 F.3d 359, 362-365 101 F.3d 805, 810-811 115 F.3d 644, 648-650 148 F.3d 554 184 F.3d 924, 933 244 F.3d 1128, 1137-1139 270 F.3d 794, 818 285 F.3d 1146, 1150 296 F.3d 858, 861 297 F.3d 930, 934 340 F.3d 283, 294 354 F.3d 1036, 1044 399 F.3d 1101, 1107 405 F.3d 764, 775 407 F.3d 684 410 F.3d 644, 647-650 422 F.3d 949, 953-954 478 F.3d 1048, 1053 480 F.3d 942, 945-948 523 F.3d 973, 980-981