Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 492 U.S. 257, 300 517 U.S. 559, 574-582 532 U.S. 424, 435-440 538 U.S. 408, 416-419 Circuit Courts 295 F.3d 918, 924 415 F.3d 1001 422 F.3d 949, 957-963 518 F.3d 1013, 1022 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2) 281 F. Supp. 2d 1090, 1096 Federal Rules of Evidence Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)