Authorities Cited: United States Code 15 U.S.C. § 7201 18 U.S.C. § 1350 26 U.S.C. § 856 28 U.S.C. § 1331 28 U.S.C. § 2072(b) Supreme Court 92 U.S. 105 354 U.S. 91, 96-97 401 U.S. 37 411 U.S. 693, 715-716 414 U.S. 453, 465 463 U.S. 1, 27-28 478 U.S. 804 500 U.S. 90, 96-97 521 U.S. 591, 612-613 523 U.S. 83 526 U.S. 574, 584-588 527 U.S. 815, 831 532 U.S. 275, 286-289 545 U.S. 308, 314-318 547 U.S. 677, 681 Circuit Courts 634 F.2d 1204, 1210 51 F.3d 1449, 1463 114 F.3d 979, 982 159 F.3d 1209, 1211-1212 183 F.3d 970, 983-990 283 F.3d 315, 319 375 F.3d 831 423 F.3d 1101, 1106 502 F.3d 1086, 1092 524 F.3d 1090, 1100 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 396 F. Supp. 2d 463, 464 576 F. Supp. 1439 646 F. Supp. 574, 578